Course Contents
Each turbine ’ s component types are described in separate chapters, and each chapter has been divided into the following sections:

• Description of components

• Types of damages

• Measuring methods

• Measurement programme

Description of Components
This section gives a short description on the units ’ configuration and manner of operation.
Types of Damages
Provides a general description of relevant damage mechanisms that makes for the most common reasons for wear and tear. Types of damages most relevant for these turbine types are:

Mechanical wear                 Corrosion
Sand erosion                       Cavitation
Scoring                               Hammering
Fatigue                               Deformation
Displacements                     Loose connections

Measuring Methods
This section gives a short summary of the most relevant methods used for surveillance and diagnosis of the types of damages described in the section Damage mechanisms .
Relevant measurement methods for these turbines are:

• Visual Inspection
• Penetrate Examination
• Magnetic particle examination
• Eddy current measurement
• Ultra sound testing
• Vibrating measurements

Measurement Programme
It is important to have a strategy for which measurements need to be carried out, and how often this should happen. The outcome of this strategy is a recommended measurement programme for monitoring and recording of the operating condition of the unit.

In addition the courses contain further information on the following:

• Principles for measurement of leakage water flow rate
  • Pitot measurement 
  • Ultrasound measurement
• Losses in the turbine:-
  • Which gives a short description of losses occurring in the turbine. The losses are quantified as a reduction in turbine efficiency.
• Flow diagrams with interpretation criteria:-
  • This should be of help when making a diagnosis of the condition for the unit in question by applying a set of rules (interpretation criteria) on the measurement results. The diagnosis leads to initiatives which should be implemented if the values are divergent.
• Inspection forms:-
  • Contains forms for registering of the individual measurements necessary for a satisfactory assessment